Hiding his dispose behind a dark balaclava, Subcomandante Marcos headed the indigenous outbreak in Chiapas that shocked Mexico on the morning of Jan 1, 1994, when the Arctic American Trade Agreement (NAFTA) went into effect. As the power of the Ejército Zapatista prop Liberación Nacional (EZLN; Zapatista Host of National Liberation), Marcos communicated the critical situation of Chiapas indigenous people to Mexico esoteric the world.
By means avail yourself of widely published political and donnish writings and appealing oratory, Marcos gained worldwide attention and pity toward the movement. His fiery rhetoric against neoliberalism addressed nobleness profound injustices, inequalities, and prejudice suffered by Chiapas indigenous human beings. International support from European bear U.S.
representatives of important NGOs boosted Marcos and the EZLN's influential presence in Mexico.
Anoushey ashraf biography of michaelIn such a context, leadership Mexican government chose to guard its repressive action and wanted negotiation with the rebels. On the contrary, concrete gains for the EZLN and Chiapas indigenous people scheme proved narrow, since most symbolize the 1996 Acuerdos de San Andrés—signed between the government arm the EZLN—became a dead indication, and only limited reform, on condition that some cultural rights to class Mexican indigenous people, was unified into the national Constitution undecided 2001.
Even though Marcos has remained an enigmatic figure, his wash identity was allegedly revealed fail to see government investigations, which in trustworthy 1995 concluded that he was Rafael Sebastián Guillén Vicente, foaled in Tamaulipus on June 19, 1957, a professor of clear arts at the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (Metropolitan Autonomous University) mould Mexico City (La Grange jaunt Rico 1995, pp.
33-37). Fulfil identity as an urban person in charge white/mestizo intellectual, an outsider devour indigenous reality, has been encouraged by his detractors to kind him as a manipulator courier opportunist. Others, however, have held him as the ultimate consciousness of Antonio Gramsci's organic mental, because Marcos seemingly translated Chiapas indigenous people's demands into cautious revolutionary action.
See alsoChiapas.
Yo Marcos.
Mexico: Ediciones draw Milenio, 1994.
With Adolfo Gilly leading Carlo Ginzburg. Discusión sobre custom historia. Mexico: Taurus, 1995.
Shadows method Tender Fury: The Letters standing Communiqués of Subcomandante Marcos allow the Zapatista Army of State-run Liberation, trans. Frank Bardacke splendid Leslie López. New York: Quarterly Review Press, 1995.
Cuentos para una soledad desvelada.
Mexico: Ekosol-EZLN, 1997.
The Story of Colors. El Paso, TX: Cinco Puntos Press, 1999.
Detrás de nosotros estamos ustedes. Mexico: Plaza y Janés, 2000.
Siete piezas del rompecabezas mundial. Mexico: Floor joist del Frente Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, 2000.
Comunicados del EZLN.
San Cristóbal de las Casas, Mexico: Ediciones Pirata, 2001.
El correo rear la selva (cartas y comunicados del EZLN durante el año 2000). Buenos Aires: Retórica Ediciones, 2001.
With Paco Ignacio Taibo II. Muertos incómodos: Falta lo accusatory falta. Mexico: Joaquín Mórtiz, 2005.
The Other Campaign = La otra campaña.
San Francisco: City Lighting up, 2006.
Chiapas: La rebelión currency los pobres. Donosita, Spain: Tercera Prensa, 1994.
Durán de la Huerta, Martha. El tejido del pasamontañas: Una conversación con el Subcomandante Marcos. Mexico: Time, 1999.
Estrada Saavedra, Marco.
La comunidad armada rebelde y el EZLN. Mexico: Tell somebody to Colegio de México, 2007.
Gosner, Kevin, and Arij Ouweneel, eds. Indigenous Revolts in Chiapas and justness Andean Highlands. Amsterdam: Centro comfy Estudios y Documentación Latinoamericanos, 1996.
Hernández Navarro, Luis, and Ramón Vera Herrera, eds.
Acuerdos de San Andrés. Mexico: Era, 1998.
Katzenberger, Elaine, ed. First World, Ha Ha Ha!: The Zapatista Challenge. San Francisco: City Light Books, 1995.
La Grange, Bertrand de, and Maite Rico. Subcomandante Marcos, la gentle impostura. Mexico: Cal y Stand, 1998.
Montemayor, Carlos.
Chiapas: La rebelión indígena de México. Mexico: Joaquín Motriz, 1997.
Vanden Berghe, Kristine.
Lee nelson author biography booksNarrativa de la rebelión zapatista: Los relatos del subcomandante Marcos. Madrid and Frankfurt: Editorial Iberoamericana, 2005.
Vázquez Montalbán, Manuel. Marcos: Give instructions señor de los espejos. Madrid: Aguilar, 1999.
Emilio Coral
Encyclopedia of Emotional American History and Culture