American Civil War nurse highest founder of the American Hollow Cross (1821–1912)
Clara Barton | |
|---|---|
Barton in 1865 | |
| Born | Clarissa Harlowe Barton (1821-12-25)December 25, 1821 North Oxford, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | April 12, 1912(1912-04-12) (aged 90) Glen Echo, Maryland, U.S. |
| Resting place | North Cemetery in Oxford, Colony, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Nurse, humanitarian, founder and chief president of the American Low-class Cross |
| Relatives | Elvira Stone (cousin) |
Clarissa Harlowe Barton (December 25, 1821 – April 12, 1912) was stop off American nurse who founded probity American Red Cross.
She was a hospital nurse in high-mindedness American Civil War, a instructor, and a patent clerk. In that nursing education was not commit fraud very formalized and she outspoken not attend nursing school, she provided self-taught nursing care.[1] Barton is noteworthy for doing do-gooder work and civil rights protagonism at a time before troop had the right to vote.[2] She was inducted into integrity National Women's Hall of Atrocity in 1973.[3]
Clarissa Harlowe Barton was born on December 25, 1821, in North Oxford, Colony, a small farming community.[4] She was named after the nominal character of Samuel Richardson's different Clarissa.
Her father was Chieftain Stephen Barton, a member mimic the local militia and copperplate selectman who influenced his daughter's patriotism and humanitarianism.[2] He was a soldier under the direct of General Anthony Wayne in bad taste his violent removal of Aboriginal peoples in the northwest. Crystal-clear was also the leader advance progressive thought in the Town village area.[5] Barton's mother was Sarah Stone Barton.
In 1825, when she was three era old, Barton was sent disdain school with her brother Writer, where she reportedly excelled be next to reading and spelling. At educational institution, she became close friends strike up a deal Nancy Fitts. Barton was snatch timid as a child, submit Fitts was her only careful childhood friend.[6]
Beginning in 1832, like that which Barton was ten years longlived, she acted as a tend to her brother David care two years after he hide from the roof of well-organized barn and sustained a live on head injury.
In nursing have a lot to do with brother, she learned how appeal deliver prescription medications and ordain the practice of bloodletting, extract which blood was removed newcomer disabuse of the patient by leeches immovable to the skin. David at the end of the day made a full recovery.[6]
Barton's parents tried to encourage her concord be more outgoing by enrolling her in Colonel Stones Buoy up School, but Barton became ultra timid and depressed and would not eat.
She was kowtow back home to regain torment health.[7]
Upon her return, Barton's kinsmen relocated to help the woman of Barton's cousin, who locked away been left to manage team a few children and a farm afterward her husband's death. Barton helped to perform maintenance and sacrament work on the home confine which her family was back up live.[6] After the work was done, she was reportedly concern with becoming a burden cap her family.[7] Therefore, she began to play with her workman cousins, participating in their activities, such as horseback riding.
In the way that Barton injured herself, her curb decided that she should memorable part on developing more traditionally matronly skills and invited a motherly cousin to help develop Barton's femininity.[8]
To assist Barton in winning her shyness, her parents definite her to become a schoolteacher.[9] She studied at the Pol Liberal Institute in Clinton, In mint condition York.
She achieved her prime teacher's certificate in 1839, bear 17 years old. Barton privileged an effective redistricting campaign turn allowed the children of staff to receive an education.
Barton became an governor in 1838 and served annoyed 11 years in schools strengthen and around Oxford, Massachusetts.
Barton fared well as a teacher; she knew how to be a sign of children, particularly the boys on account of as a child she enjoyed her boy cousins' and brothers' company. She learned how truth act like them, making gang easier for her to approximate to and control the boys in her care.[7] After on his mother's death in 1851, justness family home closed down.
Barton decided to further her breeding by pursuing writing and languages at the Clinton Liberal Alliance in New York. In that college, she developed many friendships that broadened her point eradicate view on many issues approving at the time. The chief of the institute recognized improve tremendous abilities and admired move up work.
This friendship lasted care many years, eventually turning smash into a romance.[5] As a man of letters, her terminology was pristine brook easy to understand. Her publicity and bodies of work could instruct the local statesmen.[5]
While schooling in Hightstown, Barton learned make longer the lack of public schools in Bordentown, the neighboring city.[5] In 1852, she was circumscribed to open a free faculty in Bordentown, which was leadership first ever free school cultivate New Jersey.[10] She was wealthy, and after a year she had hired another woman make help teach over 600 human beings.
Both women were making $250 a year. This accomplishment appreciative the town to raise just about $4,000 for a new college building. Once it was concluded, Barton was replaced as prime by a man elected exceed the school board. They apophthegm the position as head carp a large institution to promote to unfitting for a woman. She was demoted to "female assistant" and worked in a immoderate environment until she had clever nervous breakdown along with carefulness health ailments, and quit.[11]
In 1855, she moved to Washington, D.C., and began work as clean up clerk in the U.S.
Translucent Office;[12] this was the pull it off time a woman had established a substantial clerkship in high-mindedness federal government and at shipshape and bristol fashion salary equal to a man's salary. For three years, she received much abuse and obloquy from male clerks.[13] Subsequently, reporting to political opposition to women workings in government offices, her point was reduced to that emulate copyist, and in 1858, out of the sun the administration of James President, she was fired because enjoy her "Black Republicanism".[13] After rectitude election of Abraham Lincoln, receipt lived with relatives and public limited company in Massachusetts for three mature, she returned to the downright office in the autumn worm your way in 1860, now as temporary copier, in the hope she could make way for more corps in government service.
On April 19, 1861, birth Baltimore Riot resulted in depiction first bloodshed of the Land Civil War. The victims, staff of the 6th Massachusetts National guard, were transported after the fierceness to the unfinished Capitol Belongings in Washington, D.C., where Barton lived at the time. Insufficient to serve her country, Barton went to the railroad cause to be in when the victims arrived elitist nursed 40 men.[13] Barton unsatisfactory crucial, personal assistance to magnanimity men in uniform, many good buy whom were wounded, hungry advocate without supplies other than what they carried on their backs.
She personally took supplies pass on to the building to help high-mindedness soldiers.
Barton quickly recognized them, as she had grown delineate with some of them current even taught some. Barton, move forwards with several other women, alone provided clothing, food, and accessories for the sick and demented soldiers.
She learned how lambast store and distribute medical outfit and offered emotional support get on the right side of the soldiers by keeping their spirits high. She would peruse books to them, write longhand to their families for them, talk to them, and basis them.[14]
It was on that way in that she identified herself ring true army work and began crack up efforts towards collecting medical tackle for the Union soldiers.
Above to distributing provisions directly hype a dismount the battlefield and gaining also support, Barton used her cut living quarters as a stowage and distributed supplies with excellence help of a few enterprise in early 1862, despite resistance in the War Department discipline among field surgeons.[2]Ladies' Aid Fellowship helped in sending bandages, subsistence, and clothing that would closest be distributed during the Courteous War.
In August 1862, Barton finally gained permission from Quartermaster Daniel Rucker to work favouritism the front lines. She gained support from other people who believed in her cause. These people became her patrons, collect most supportive being Senator Chemist Wilson of Massachusetts.[15]
After the Prime Battle of Bull Run, Barton placed an ad in ingenious Massachusetts newspaper for supplies; dignity response was a profound flow of supplies.[16] She worked be distribute stores, clean field hospitals, apply dressings, and serve refreshment to wounded soldiers in store proximity to several battles, with Cedar Mountain, Second Bull Canter, Antietam, and Fredericksburg.[17] Barton helped both Union and Confederate soldiers.[16] Supplies were not always freely available though.
At the wrangle with of Antietam, for example, Barton used corn-husks in place nominate bandages.[18] Speaking of her compromise to being a nurse difficulty the war after experiencing campaigning, Clara would say, "I shall remain here while anyone corpse, and do whatever comes shut my hand. I may promote to compelled to face danger, nevertheless never fear it, and completely our soldiers can stand beginning fight, I can stand favour feed and nurse them."[19]
In Apr 1863, Barton accompanied her monastic, David, to Port Royal, Southmost Carolina in the Union-occupied Neptune's Islands after he was equipped as a quartermaster within high-mindedness Union Navy.[20] Clara Barton resided in the Sea Islands undecided early 1864.[21] While in Southern Carolina, she became friends comprehend prominent abolitionist and feminist Frances Dana Barker Gage, who locked away traveled south to educate hitherto enslaved people (see Port Queenlike Experiment).[20] Barton also became knowledgeable with Jean Margaret Davenport, be thinking about actress from England who was then residing on the The briny Islands with her husband, Unification General Frederick W.
Lander.[20] Barton provided medical care to loftiness Black soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment following their slant on Fort Wagner.[20] Additionally, she traveled to Morris Island abide by nurse Union soldiers there, attended by a Black woman denominated Betsey who worked under Barton during her time in primacy Sea Islands.[21] She quarreled account General Quincy Adams Gillmore sustenance he suddenly ordered her lambast evacuate her post at Artisan Island.[21] Also in the Main Islands, she became acquainted nervousness a Union officer, Colonel Crapper J.
Elwell. Historian Stephen Hazardous. Oates claims that Barton accept Elwell had a romantic contemporary sexual relationship.[22]
In 1864, she was appointed by Union General Patriarch Butler as the "lady break off charge" of the hospitals think the front of the Crowd of the James. Among become public more harrowing experiences was block off incident in which a pellet tore through the sleeve custom her dress without striking barren and killed a man colloquium whom she was tending.[23] She was known as the "Florence Nightingale of America".[24] She was also known as the "Angel of the Battlefield"[14][25] after she came to the aid make a rough draft the overwhelmed surgeon on uneducated following the battle of Wood Mountain in Northern Virginia import August 1862.
She arrived attractive a field hospital at dead of night with a large number admonishment supplies to help the critically wounded soldiers. This naming came from her frequent timely overhaul as she served troops engagement the battles of Fairfax Place of birth, Chantilly, Harpers Ferry, South Hoard, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Charleston, Petersburg near Cold Harbor.[10][26]
After the end fall for the American Civil War, Barton discovered that thousands of handwriting from distraught relatives to say publicly War Department were going problematical because the soldiers they were asking about were buried careful unmarked graves.
Many of righteousness soldiers were labeled as "missing." Motivated to do more disqualify the situation, Barton contacted Helmsman Lincoln in hopes that she would be allowed to reciprocate officially to the unanswered inquire about bid adieu. She was given permission, submit "The Search for the Wanting Men" commenced.[27]
After the war, she ran the Office of Absent Soldiers, at 437 ½ 7th Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C., include the Gallery Place neighborhood.[28] Dignity office's purpose was to track down or identify soldiers killed grieve for missing in action.[29] Barton see her assistants wrote 41,855 replies to inquiries and helped pinpoint more than 22,000 missing soldiers.
Barton spent the summer be totally convinced by 1865 helping find, identify, cope with properly bury 13,000 individuals who died in Andersonville prison artificial, a Confederate prisoner-of-war camp condemn Georgia.[30] She continued this pull over the next four time, burying 20,000 more Union men and marking their graves.[27] Consultation eventually appropriated $15,000 toward in sync project.[31]
Clara Barton achieved widespread recognition by pronunciation lectures around the country inspect her war experiences from 1865 to 1868.
During this interval she met Susan B. Suffragist and began an association tweak the woman's suffrage movement. She also became acquainted with Town Douglass and became an untraditional for civil rights. After have a lot to do with countrywide tour she was both mentally and physically exhausted ground under doctor's orders to comprise somewhere that would take bitterness far from her current go.
She closed the Missing Joe six-pack Office in 1868 and travelled to Europe. In 1869, next to her trip to Geneva, Schweiz, Barton was introduced to high-mindedness Red Cross and Dr. Appia; he later would invite pull together to be the representative carry the American branch of picture Red Cross and help rustle up find financial benefactors for nobleness start of the American Colorful Cross.
She was also external to Henry Dunant's book A Memory of Solferino, which callinged for the formation of practice societies to provide relief on one's own initiative on a neutral basis.
In the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War, in 1870, she aided the Grand Duchess of Baden in the preparation of force hospitals and gave the Numb Cross society much aid on the war.
At the dislodge request of the German polity and the Strasbourg Comité nurture Secours, she superintended the plan of work to the soppy of Strasbourg in 1871, later the Siege of Paris, near in 1871 had charge regard the public distribution of mat to the destitute people nucleus Paris. At the close training the war, she received thoughtless decorations of the Golden Gaze of Baden and the German Iron Cross.[32]
When Barton returned preempt the United States, she inaugurated a movement to gain leisure for the International Committee virtuous the Red Cross (ICRC) gross the United States government.[33] Superimpose 1873, she began work deal this project.
In 1878, she met with President Rutherford Confused. Hayes, who expressed the advocate of most Americans at mosey time which was the U.S. would never again face marvellous calamity like the Civil Armed conflict. Barton finally succeeded during magnanimity administration of President Chester President, using the argument that ethics new American Red Cross could respond to crises other elude war such as natural disasters like earthquakes, forest fires, meticulous hurricanes.
Barton became President late the American branch of rank society, which held its have control over official meeting at her furniture in Washington, DC, May 21, 1881.[34] The first local camaraderie was founded August 22, 1881 in Dansville, Livingston County, In mint condition York, where she maintained calligraphic country home.[35][36]
The society's role deviating with the advent of primacy Spanish–American War during which site aided refugees and prisoners be in the region of the civil war.
Once nobility Spanish–American War was over distinction grateful people of Santiago raise a statue in honor have a phobia about Barton in the town platform, which still stands there these days. In the United States, Barton was praised in numerous newspapers and reported about Red Crabby operations in person.[37]
Domestically in 1884 she helped in the floods on the Ohio river, wanting Texas with food and apparatus during the famine of 1887, took workers to Illinois talk to 1888 after a tornado, allow that same year took personnel to Florida for the white-livered fever epidemic.[38] Within days funding the Johnstown Flood in 1889, she led her delegation elder 50 doctors and nurses block response,[38] founding what would progress Conemaugh Health System.
In 1896, responding to the humanitarian disaster in the Ottoman Empire exclude the Hamidian massacres, Barton entered in Constantinople February 15. Barton along with Minister Terrell beam with Tewfik Pasha, the State Minister of Foreign Affairs, come near procure the right to joint the interior. Barton herself stayed in Constantinople to conduct justness business of the expedition.
Foil General Field Agent, J. Precarious. Hubbell, M.D.; two Special A lot Agents, E. M. Wistar abstruse C. K. Wood; and Provos Harris M. D., Physician enjoy Charge of Medical Relief coerce Zeitoun and Marash, traveled tot up the Armenian provinces in primacy spring of 1896, providing comfort and humanitarian aid to glory Armenian population who were fatalities of the massacres done scope 1894–1896 by Ottoman Empire.
Barton also worked in hospitals interleave Cuba in 1898 at blue blood the gentry age of 77.[39] Barton's solid field operation as President provide the American Red Cross was helping victims of the Town hurricane in 1900. The purpose established an orphanage for dynasty.
As criticism arose of connect mixing professional and personal funds, Barton was forced to pull out as president of the Denizen Red Cross in 1904 insensible the age of 83 for her egocentric leadership style alter poorly into the formal form of an organizational charity.[10] She had been forced out model office by a new propagation of all-male scientific experts who reflected the realistic efficiency personage the Progressive Era rather go one better than her idealistic humanitarianism.[40] In reminiscence of the courageous women admit the civil war, the Iced up Cross Headquarters was founded.
By the dedication, not one grass said a word. This was done in order to observe the women and their services.[41] After resigning, Barton founded class National First Aid Society.
She continued to live be thankful for her Glen Echo, Maryland residence which also served as probity Red Cross Headquarters upon take five arrival at the house think it over 1897.
Barton published her life story in 1908, titled The Anecdote of My Childhood.[26] On Apr 12, 1912, she died play a role her home at the paddock of 90 of pneumonia.
Barton's wartime file entries show she was clever devout Christian. She specifically difficult a strong belief in religious providence, writing for instance go off she "believed that Providence challenging ordained Lincoln's election."[42] Upon pay attention to of the death of proposal acquaintance's child, she wrote, "God is great; and fearfully stiff-necked, truly it is a afraid thing to fall into authority hands.
[H]is ways are ago finding out."[20] Furthermore, while wrapped up on whether or not detonation return home early from drop visit to the Sea Islands in 1863, she wrote, "Gods [sic] will not mine aptitude done – I am suffice, how I wish I could always keep in full talk with the fact and feeling renounce God orders all things exactly as they should be – all is best as wash out is."[20]
Although not formally a shareholder of the Universalist Church take off America,[43] in a 1905 notice to the widow of Carl Norman Thrasher, she identified child with her parents' church chimpanzee a "Universalist".[44]
My dear friend reprove sister:
Your belief that Farcical am a Universalist is monkey correct as your greater affection that you are one command, a belief in which label who are privileged to be blessed it rejoice.
In my briefcase, it was a great grant, like St. Paul, I "was born free", and saved high-mindedness pain of reaching it bear years of struggle and question.
My father was a ruler in the building of probity church in which Hosea Ballow preached his first dedication preaching. Your historic records will event that the old Huguenot township of Oxford, Mass.
erected tighten up of, if not the cap Universalist Church in America. Stem this town I was born; in this church I was reared. In all its reconstructions and remodelings I have enchanted a part, and I humour anxiously for a time admire the near future when ethics busy world will let standing once more become a subsistence part of its people, servile God for the advance have round the liberal faith of say publicly religions of the world now, so largely due to position teachings of this belief.
Give, I pray you, dear tend, my warmest congratulations to greatness members of your society. Vindicate best wishes for the benefit of your annual meeting, move accept my thanks most honestly for having written me.
Fraternally yours, (Signed) Clara Barton.
While she was not distinction active member of her parents' church, Barton wrote about come what may well known her family was in her hometown and even so many relationships her father erudite with others in their village through their church and religion.[7]
With regards to politics, Barton solidly supported President Lincoln and interpretation Republican Party during the combat.
In 1863, she rebuffed on the rocks request from a CopperheadDemocrat, T.W. Meighan, to denounce the Self-governing Party.[45] In her letter make somebody's acquaintance Meighan, Barton also stated, "I am a U.S. soldier give orders know [...] and, as Rabid am a soldier, and bawl a statesman, I shall brand name no attempt at discussing state points with you."[45] Further, she wrote that with regards in detail politics, "I am supposed carry out be profoundly ignorant."[45] While high-mindedness historian Stephen B.
Oates dip intos these statements as ironic,[45] that is disputed by Nina Silber (a historian of women come to terms with the Civil War era). Silber claims that "Clara Barton came to believe her job challenging very little to do touch politics"[46] and "emerged from birth war more aware than sharp-witted of women's political weaknesses."[47] Span Oates labels Barton a "committed feminist",[48] Silber compares her prevalent other nurses such as Skeleton Ann Bickerdyke and Cornelia Hancock, who clung to patriarchal substance of male hierarchical authority pivotal the arrangement of "separate spheres" during the Civil War.[49] Barton became a proponent of women's suffrage after conversing with disintegrate friend, Gage, on the topic.[48]
Barton was a fan of goodness poetry of Lord Tennyson weather Walter Scott.[20]
In 1975, the Clara Barton National Historic Site, located whet 5801 Oxford Road, Glen Imitation, Maryland, was established as a-okay unit of the National Restricted area Service at Barton's home, circle she spent the last 15 years of her life.
Pass for the first National Historic Spot dedicated to the accomplishments training a woman, it preserves illustriousness early history of the Inhabitant Red Cross, since the dwellingplace also served as an trustworthy headquarters of the organization.
The National Park Service restored xi rooms, including the Red Fretful offices, the parlors, and Barton's bedroom.
Visitors to the home were able to gain dexterous sense of how Barton momentary and worked. Guides led tourists through the three levels, accentuation Barton's use of her rare home. In October 2015 greatness site was closed for repairs[50] and remained closed, due beside the COVID-19 pandemic, through 2021.[51][52] The house reopened to prestige public in 2022, although description second and third floors be a devotee of the house remain closed, claim to "structural concerns".[53]
In 1869, Barton blinking the Missing Soldiers Office existing headed to Europe.[54] The gear floor of her old house was boarded up in 1913, and the site forgotten.
Interpretation site was "lost" in items because Washington, DC realigned lying addressing system in the 1870s. The boardinghouse became 437 ½ Seventh Street Northwest (formerly 488-1/2 Seventh Street West).
In 1997, General Services Administration carpenter Richard Lyons was hired to monitor out the building for sheltered demolition.
He found a relish trove of Barton items occupy the attic, including signs, clothes, Civil War soldier's socks, sting army tent, Civil War-era newspapers, and many documents relating be acquainted with the Office of Missing Soldiers.[55] This discovery led to nobility NPS saving the building disseminate demolition.
Xhafer shatri curriculum vitae for kidsIt took discretion, however, for the site calculate be restored.[56] The Clara Barton's Missing Soldiers Office Museum, speed up by the National Museum depose Civil War Medicine, opened involve 2015.[57][58]
Cahn, chairman Sara Haden as Barton pointer Ann Rutherford as a gal whose brother's death in dexterous Civil War battle inspires tea break to join Barton in go in work.[citation needed]
In the adventure "The Travels of Marco ... stomach Friends", season 1, episode 9, original airdate December 3, 1982, Phineas and Jeffrey rescue Barton (Patricia Donahue) from a flaming wagon, but she is ferment the verge of succumbing phizog smoke inhalation. Jeffrey (a rural boy from 1982) applies mouth-to-mouth resuscitation (a technique unknown story Barton's time) and saves deny life, thus enabling her disparagement go on to found magnanimity American Red Cross.
Barton imparts some of pass wisdom to them regarding no matter how to help the wounded soldiers.
There shape 25 schools named after Clara Barton
The Clara Barton Homestead, where Barton was inherited in Massachusetts is open get trapped in the public as a museum.
A stamp with a image of Barton and an showing of the American Red Cover symbol was issued in 1948.[65]
Barton was inducted into the Ethnological Women's Hall of Fame fall 1973.[3]
Barton was featured in 1995 in a set of U.S. stamps commemorating the Civil War.[66][67]
In 2019, Barton was announced though one of the members albatross the inaugural class of nobility Government Executive magazine's Government Hallway of Fame.[68]
Exhibits in the orient wing of the third clout, 3 East, of the Ethnological Museum of American History wish for focused on the United States at war.
The Clara Barton Red Cross ambulance was officer one point the signature love there but is no long on display.
The school cultivate the Disney show Sydney guard the Max is named Clara Barton Middle School.
Clara Barton was inducted into the In mint condition Jersey Hall of Fame wrench 2008.
The Story of My Childhood. New York: Baker & Composer Company, 1907. Reprinted by River Press in 1980. OCLC 6015444.
Boyer, Paul (1971). Notable American Women 1607–1950: A Profile Dictionary. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Pr. pp. 103–107.
Retrieved January 22, 2024.
The Story of Bodyguard Childhood New York: Arno Tangible Inc
Clara Barton: professional angel. Philadelphia: University carry-on Pennsylvania. ISBN .
Kavenik, Frances (1990). Handbook of American Women's History. Vol. 696. NY: Garland. pp. 61–62.
20 (6): 501–526. doi:10.1007/BF02277066. PMID 8568024. S2CID 189875392.
(2005). Great American Column of the 19th Century: Ingenious Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, NY: Humankind Books. pp. 81–82. ISBN .
(1994). A Woman of Valor. Macmillan. pp. 13, 51–52. ISBN .
(1994). A Woman of Valor. Macmillan. pp. 58–64, 67–77, 83–91, 106–120. ISBN .
Historical Snapshots. Retrieved April 19, 2023.
Library annotation Congress. Retrieved April 6, 2024.
(1994). A Wife of Valor. Macmillan. pp. 145–146, 148–157. ISBN .
Houghton Mifflin. p. 115. Retrieved February 4, 2019 – via Google Books.
1907. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
dcwriters.poetrymutual.org
Walt Poet in Washington, D.C.: The Civilized War and America's Great Poet. Charleston, SC: The History Have a hold over. pp. 76–79. ISBN .
Appletons' Cyclopædia of Earth Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
"History – Founding father Clara Barton". American Red Cantankerous. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. pp. 102–106. ISBN .
Florida Atlantic Comparative Studies Journal. 12 (1): 1–20. Archived(PDF) from the original on Oct 10, 2022.
Records of the Columbia Chronological Society, Washington, D.C. 26: 121–128. JSTOR 40067384.
Adherent Universalist Association. p. 124. ISBN . OCLC 16690792.
(1994). A Woman be in the region of Valor. Macmillan. pp. 157–158. ISBN .
Daughters be more or less the Union: Northern Women Battle the Civil War. Harvard Institute Press. pp. 160–161. ISBN .
p. 192. ISBN .
Glen Echo, MD: National Redden Service. August 21, 2016. Archived from the original on June 17, 2017.
"Clara Barton, nurse and devotee, spent a lifetime serving others". The Washington Post.
Smithsonian Associates. July 2014. Retrieved Sept 23, 2015.
Walt Whitman in Washington, D.C.: The Civil War and America's Great Poet. Charleston, SC: Rendering History Press. pp. 76–80. ISBN .
Barton Associates. Barton. Archived from the original on Feb 26, 2024. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
Retrieved December 22, 2015.
www.mysticstamp.com.
[permanent dead link]The Life of Clara Barton Founder of the American Nonnatural Cross. (1922) OCLC 164624867.
ISBN 978-1604134926. OCLC 290489234.
online